What are executive functions?

Executive functions are a group of skills that enable us to organize, plan and control our behavior. They are often referred to as the brain’s control center. Much like a conductor in an orchestra coordinates the timing and interaction of various instruments to create a harmonious piece of music, executive functions guide and regulate our actions and thoughts.

These functions include abilities such as attention control, impulse regulation, working memory, planning, and organization. In everyday life, executive functions help us manage complex tasks, respond appropriately to our environment and achieve our goals.

Overview of the key executive functions

The following 11 executive functions have been identified in research as key factors for academic success and overall child development.

Impulse control

The ability to stop or interrupt one's behavior at the right moment. Good impulse control allows a person to make conscious decisions rather than being driven by impulses or emotions.

Examples: A 4-year-old child can wait briefly before eating a treat until the parent gives permission. An 8-year-old child raises their hand in class and waits until the teacher invites them to speak.